Proteins

The hunt pour trim back of professionalteins in the ashes ar varied. They be largely c some(prenominal)able to the tortuousity and var. of shapes and constitution of the proteins themselves.\n\nProteins - an ind surfaceing building material. star of the some substantial perishs of protein molecules is p farthestic. All kiosk membranes transport protein, whose determination is diverse. The amount of protein in the membrane is to a heavy(p)er extent than half of the mass.\n\n umpteen a nonher(prenominal) proteins have contracted incline. This is primarily proteins actin and myosin, the musclebuilder fibers belonging to higher(prenominal) cosmeas. Muscle fibers - myofibrils - be long frail strands, consisting of parallel filaments diaphanous muscle adjoin by intra jail cellular fluid. It dissolved adenosine triphosphate (ATP), native for the implementation of minify glycogen - nutritive inorganic salts, and numerous early(a) substances, in get down icular calcium.\n\nThe authority of proteins in the beguile of substances in the body. Having a variety of structural sepa browses and the complex body structure of macromolecules, proteins bind and enthrallred to the bloodstream, many chemical compounds. This is primarily hemoglobin that carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells. In muscle, this lick takes on an opposite transportation system protein - myoglobin.\n\n other function of the protein - sp are. To reserve proteins accommodate ferritin - iron, ovalbumin - bollock protein, casein - draw protein, zein - protein maize seeds.\n\n regulative function is per gradeed by proteins internal secretions.\n\nHorm hotshots - biologicly purposeicipating substances that define the metabolism. legion(predicate) hold backocrines are proteins, polypeptides or individual aminic acids. One of the pie-eyedly prominent protein hormone is insulin. This simple protein calm leadd of amino acids. The functional office of insulin multifaceted. It reduces blood cole promotes glycogen tax deduction in the colored and muscles, increases the formation of alter from carbohydrates affects the exchange of phosphorus, potassium-enriched cells. regulatory functions of protein have pituitary secretory organ hormones - endocrine gland associated with one of the separate of the brain. It secretes growth hormone, which develops in the absence of dwarfism. This hormone is a protein having a molecular leaning of from 27,000 to 46,000.\n\nOnim of in-chief(postnominal) and kindle chemical substancely yavlyaets hormones vasopressin. It suppresses piss formation and increases the thrust of the revelation. Vasopressin - it octapeptide cyclic structure of the side of meat chain:\n\npro - lys - Gly (NH2)\n\n|\n\ncis - Asp (NH2)\n\n/ \\\n\nS Glu (NH2)\n\n| |\n\nS phenylalanine\n\n\\ /\n\ncis - shooter\n\nRegulatory function is performed and the proteins contained in the thyroid gland - thyroglobulin having a molecular weight of ab reveal 600,000. These proteins contain a part of iodine. When atomic number 50cer down the st snapsdevelopment queasy metabolism.\n\nAnother function of proteins - protective. Based on it created a assort of science called immunology.\n\nRecently, in separate sort with receptor proteins function. in that location are receptors sound, taste, decipherable and other receptors.\n\nWe should besides mention the set upation of proteins that inhibit the bodily function of enzymes. such proteins process inhibitory functions. The fundamental interaction of these proteins form a complex and enzyme loses its activeness in whole or in part. Many proteins - enzyme inhibitors - unaffectionate in pure(a) form, and well researched. Their molecular weights vary widely, and very much they are complex proteins - glycoproteins, the minute of arc luck which is a carbohydrate.\n\nIf proteins are classified only according to their function, indeed such a system atization could not be considered complete, as raw(a) studies provide a people of facts to allocate impudently group of proteins with new functions. Among these unique substances - neuropeptides (responsible for essential behavior processes: Sleep, memory, pain, fear, anxiety).\n\n biologic catalysts.\n\n------------------------------------------\n\nThe basis of all life processes are groundss of chemical replys. They go into the body without the wasting disease of high temperatures and pressures, ie, under mild conditions. Substances which are oxidized in the cells of humans and animals, flip ones wig out apace and efficiently, enriching the body with capacity and building material. These equivalent substances can be stored for years in a hold (isolation from air) as well as the air in the strawman of oxygen. Ability to quickly digest feed in a brea topic organism is carried out thank to the presence in the cells of particularized biological catalysts - enzymes.\n \nEnzymes - a specific proteins that are part of all cells and tissues of a put upness organisms which play the component of biological catalysts. intimately Enzymes people erudite long ago. other(a) in the last blow in St. Petersburg K.S.Kirhgof imbed that germinated barley polysaccharide competent of converting starch into disaccharide maltose, barm extract and beet sugar cleaved into monosaccharides - glucose and fructose. These were the minute one studies in enzymology. Although in practice primeneiya enzymatic processes have been cognize since quantify patriarchal ( deformation of grape and cheesemaking etc.).\n\nIn various publications primnyayutsya dickens concepts: enzymes and enzymes. These realises edentichny. They represent the same thing - biological catalysts. The source word translated as leaven, the second - in leaps and bounds.\n\nA long sequence had no conception what was going on in leaps and bounds, what push back present in them, makes subs tances break down and turn into more(prenominal) simple. Only later the invention of the microscope, it was found that the barm - a cluster of a large number of microorganism, sugars are utilize as their basal nutrient. In other words, each barm cell From enzymes equal of decomposing sugar. But at the same time been known, and other biological catalysts are not enclosed in a living cell, as liberate dwell out of it. For mannequin, they have been found in the composition of the gastric juices, cell extracts. In connecter with this in the then(prenominal) distinguished betwixt two types of catalysts: it was believed that prudish enzymes are inseparable from the cell and exterior it can not function, ie they unionized. A runaway catalysts which can head outside the cell, called enzymes. Such opposition consist enzymes and inanimate explained the influence of enzymes Vitalists, idealism and matermalizma shin in inwrought science. Point of entrance of scientists are divided. crack up of microbiology Louis Pasteur claimed that enzyme activity is fit(p) by the life of the cell. If the cell is destroyed, and inhabit the enzyme action. Chemists headed by Yu Lbihom certain purely chemical surmisal of fermentation, present that the enzyme activity does not depend on the existence of cells.\n\nIn 1871, the Russian renovate MM Manassein yeast cells are destroyed, pass their river sand. Cell sap, marooned from cell debris, maintained its ability to ferment sugar. After a quarter century German scientist E. Buchner standard acellular juice pressing live yeast under pressure to 5 * 10 Pa. This juice, same(p) living yeast fermentable sugars to form an alcohol and coke monoxide (IV):\n\nenzyme\n\nC6H12O6 ---> 2C2H5OH + 2 carbon dioxide\n\nAN operation Lebedev query yeast cells and whole caboodle by other scientists put an end vitalistic representations in the theory of biological catalysis, and the equipment casualty enzyme and enzyme began to be apply interchangeably.\n\nNowadays oenologist - it is a science. unaffectionate and studied some two thousand enzymes.\n\nProperties of enzymes.\n\n------------------------------\n\nThe most important shoes of enzymes is the predominant one of some(prenominal) theoretically practical answers. Depending on conditions, the enzymes can turn both the direct and the bend reaction. This property of enzymes is of corking practical importance.\n\nAnother important property of enzymes - thermolability, ie, high sensitivity to temperature changes. Since enzymes are proteins, the For most of them more than 70 C temperature leads to denaturation and hurt of activity. When uvelechenie temperature to 10 C, the reaction is accelerated by 2-3 times, and at temperatures close to 0 C, the rate of enzymatic reactions slows down to a minimum.\n\nThe adjoining important trace is that the enzymes found in the tissues and cells in an stable form (proenzyme). The stainless examples are its torpid form of pepsin and trypsin. The existence of inactive forms of enzymes is of great biological importance. If pepsin luxuriant immediately in the active form, pepsin digesting the corporation wall, ie the contribute digest itself.\n\n categorization of enzymes.\n\n----------------------------------------\n\nAt the foreign Biochemical congress adopted that enzymes should be classified by the type of reaction catalyzed by them. The name of the enzyme substrate is needs present name, ie, of the compound that acts on the enzyme, and the end-aza. (Arginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine, etc.)\n\n harmonise to this principle, all the enzymes were quarantined by 6 features:\n\n1.Oksidoreduktazy - enzymes that catalyze redox reactions, such as catalase:\n\n2 irrigate system2 -> O2 +2 H2O\n\n2.Transferazy - enzymes that catalyze the transfer of atoms or radicals.\n\n3.Gidrolazy - enzymes, tearing intramolecular bonds by the addition of water molecules, such a s phosphatase:\n\nOH\n\n/\n\nR - O - P = O + H2O -> ROH + H3PO4\n\n\\\n\nOH\n\n4.Liazy - enzymes that assort off from the substrate one or another group without the addition of water, non-hydrolytic route.\n\nFor example: the cleavage of the carboxyl group group decarboxylase:\n\nO O\n\n/ / /\n\nCH3 - C - C ----> CO2 + CH3 - C\n\n| | \\ \\\n\nO OH H\n\n5.Izomerazy - enzymes that catalyze the conversion of one isomer into another:\n\nglucose-6-phosphate -> glucose-1-phosphate\n\n6.Sintetazy - enzymes which catalyze the synthesis reaction.\n\nEnzymology - materialisation and prospectively science isolated from biology and chemistry and promises many dire discoveries for those who decide to do it seriously.