Expectancies As A Predictor Of Adolescent Alcohol Use :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTIONThis paper examines the use of an idea referred to as expectancy as a predictor of teen alcohol use. Expectancies ar concepts that a society reinforces which go on to influence a persons behavior. Current clinical and field studies show that alcohol expectancies are reasonably accurate tools in estimating future drinking patterns. This paper sets out to determine the practical applications of this knowledge in the real classroom.HISTORYPrior to the early 1960s, virtually no clinical studies were available on the topic of teen drinking, as literature mostly focused on negative social and moral implications of the activity (Maddox and McCall, 1964). Contrary to slimly popular notion, however, adolescent drinking is not unique on to the last few decades. In fact, the best indicators show that "drinking among youth has been a longstanding phenomenon" that has shown no significant change over the course of the last 120 years (Barnes, 1982). In the sixties, the issue grew in prominence probably due to the wax of the counterculture and an increase in teen drinking and driving accidents. A number of pioneering social scientists set out to determine basic information about the commonness and frequency of alcohol use in this age group. Though specific data varied from study to study due to methodology and demographics, a salient picture emerged that "alcohol use is very prevalent among teenagers and young adults." In fact, Barnes (1982) conOnce research findings established the basic foundations, further questions presently arose on the psychological reasons behind the increase in consumption. Though the answers are still not definitive by any means, a few comm nevertheless accepted theories arose. Teens almost consistently report one of three reasons for drinking partying, self-expression, and anxiety (Maddox and McCall, 1964). None of this information, however, is of particular alarm. Regardless of the reason, most adolescent drinker s consume only occasionally and generally responsibly (Barnes, 1982 Finn, 1979). In fact, a few authors contend that teenage drinking can be a fairly normal tempo in the process of identity development (Finn, 1979). "Drinking," claims Maddox and McCall (1964), "is important for validating their self-conceptions as adults or their claims to adult status." A great deal of controversy exists on whether clock time spent with peers in reckless activities such as drinking is a positive aspect of the socialization process as well. EPROBLEM beverageIn the late 1970s and into the 1980s researchers begun to realize that they had not designed their studies to examine this much more destructive phenomenon of problem drinking.

A Chemist :: essays research papers

A ChemistBecoming a chemist takes a lot of hard encounter and discipline. One veryimportan aspect of being a chemist is English, Comunication is of the utter to the highest degreeimportance (Murphy). As well as having good communication skills, you also needa lot of patience. However, there are many a(prenominal) other qualities you will need such asan excellent learning ability and mathematical skills. You will also need to beable to preceive concepts or objects. Once you get into college you need to knowwhat kind of degree to get in order to have a fulfilling and successful career.For most entry level jobs a BS degree is sufficient. However, for a collegeteaching job a Ph.D. is required (Choices).After obtaining a degree, your next step would be to find a job. Accordingto Jerry Murphy, if you want an easy way into the chemistry field you need toknow someone already in that occupation. For the most situation in Missouri,employment is increasing. Nevertheless, if you are not r estricted to finding ajob in Missouri, in the United States a whole employment is pass judgment to increase21% (Choices).After finding a job in the chemistry field that you will enjoy anotherquesiton arises, money. On hte average if you make working at a entry leveljob witha bachelors degree your salary will be somewhere around $24,000 a year.If you start work with a masters degree you can expect about $32,000 and with aPh.D. as mcuh as $60,000 ("Chemists")Research and development is the subcareer most chemist choose. In thissubfield your patriarchal goal would be to look for and use information aboutchemicals ("Chemists"). A chemists also spends a considerable amount of time inan office where he/she stores information or reports about research he/she hasmade. There are two different types of research underlying research and appliedresearch. In basic research a chemists studies the qualities and what makes upmatter. In applied chemistry a chemist uses information obtained from basicresearch and puts it to practical use ("Chemists"). Chemistry includes manyother subfields some of these are analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, andphysical chemistry. Analytical chemists ascertain the nature, structure, andcomposition of a substance.