Same-Sex Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Same-Sex Marriage - Essay Example According to the paper findings same sex marriage has undergone numerous milestones from the initial secretive affair which was prohibited by cultural and religious beliefs of the society to an open affair where weddings are done in public. The coupes are recognized as a man and wife despite the same sexes. This issue is openly against the norms; however, it has found its way to acceptance and legalization. The first time, when same –sex was mentioned and performed was in 342, in the early Roman Empire. Nero became the first emperor to marry a man. He later married two other males in different occasions. As the report declares there have been various perspectives on the legalization and acceptance of same-sex marriage. According to the religious views, the Bible defines marriage as a union of two people of opposite sex. This implies that same-sex marriage is a redefinition of marriage, which is contrary to the Bible. Most Christians have opposed this type of marriage based on ungodliness and against the word of God. This is opposition is reflected in most of the nations that have refused to recognize such marriages. The nations are well founded on religious beliefs. Similarly, the aspect of culture plays a critical role in reflecting what nature of morals a society should uphold. Most cultures across the world respect and recognize marriage between a woman and a man. This makes it difficult to accept marriage between two individual of same sexes. This is a taboo according to most cultures.

Latin American Religions Essay Example for Free

Latin American Religions Essay What are some major attributes of Latin American Catholicism? Identify and describe at least two distinctions and include how they are distinct from Catholicism elsewhere. The Central American War had changed the priorities of the Catholic Church in Latin America. In the 1980’s, the clergy’s had decided to go against the Catholic Church mainly the Vatican despite the various threats, and began to help the poor which were struggling for their equality and their rights. The Catholic activism was in support of the change; however, it did influence guerilla movements in certain parts of Latin America such as Nicaragua, Salvador, Guatemala. This had introduced moral and spiritual justification. â€Å"Throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, a wing of the church surfaced as a powerful ideological force in the struggle to end authoritarian regimes,† (Meade, T., 2010). In what ways have African religions influenced Latin American Catholicism? â€Å"Latinos are comprised of a great conglomeration of ethnicities, traditions, and customs, which are traditionally, expressed by a common language (Spanish) and religion (Catholocism). For instance, Latin American values and traditions received a great influence from Catholicism and indigenous beliefs. Similarly, African traditions also permeated the Latin American culture, especially in the Caribbean region. This unique syncretism between Catholicism, and indigenous and African traditions allowed the survival of folk traditions, which led to the creation of several healing approaches,† (www.egochicagoschools.com, 2012). Should Latin American Catholicism be considered polytheistic? Why or why not? There are various polytheistic religions that are practiced today. Many of the religions today outside of Catholicism believe in more than one God. However, the Catholics believe in one God and one God only. I do think the Catholicism needs to be consistent meaning the Catholicism that is being practices within Latin American needs to be the same everywhere else. Once others start to deviate from Catholicism then it begins to start a new religion and moves away from the beliefs of the Catholicism. Only the Vatican may assess and make changes within the Catholic Religions. How have churches fostered or hindered social changes in Latin America? After the civil war, Latin Americans had turned to other religions. For over 500 years, many Latin Americans were considered loyal to the Catholic religions. However, it quickly turned to be a stronghold to Protestants. In the Liberation area other religions had developed such as Evangelical and Pentecostal. These religions are very different from the Catholicism. These religions speak in tongue, rely on baptism, accept the Holy Spirit, and emotional rituals. With these new religions developing the social changes in Latin America does provide a much broader outlook on their beliefs. There are various groups or community gatherings within the particular religion. Each religion unites and brings together their faith and social aspects within their own community. How has Protestantism spread in Latin America in the past? Is it different than the factors that are promoting the current growth in Protestantism in this region? How and why? The Protestantism had spread in Latin America in the past due to the fact of various discrepancies within the Catholic Religion. For instance, in 1980’s, the Guatemalan’s had begun to change their beliefs and lean more to the Protestants. This was proven in 2005, when a massive amount of members of the Catholic Church had begun to leave the church as rapid growth. The new leading religion was the Pentecostal church. Many of the new religions were still created by using the Catholic religion as their foundation. Reference: A History of Modern Latin America. 1800 to the Present, Meade, T., 2010 http://ego.thechicagoschool.edu/s/843/index.aspx?sid=843gid=3pgid=760

Comparison of Monsson Wedding to Heat and Dust Essay -- essays res

Despite differing in form, the film â€Å"Monsoon Wedding,† directed by Mira Nair and the novel â€Å"Heat and Dust,† by Ruth Prawler Jhabvala, have many similarities. Both of these texts convey an Indian world and the people in it. â€Å"Monsoon Wedding† is a party arthouse, party Bollywood film which deals with the leadup to the wedding of two young people, Aditi and Hermant. It combines their story with that of Aditi’s father, Lalit, and his family responsibilities, as well as the events occurring in the lives of their servants, Dubey and Alice. This combining of multiple storylines into one cohesive narrative is one of the characteristics of Bollywood films. The title of the film refers to the monsoon, or rainy season, in India. The majority of the film is set in the buildup to the monsoon, when the oppressive heat is at its strongest. This is metaphorically linked to the buildup of tension and anxiety in the days leading up to the wedding. The monsoon itself, like the wedding, symbolises cleansing and renewal before a new start. One thing that sets this film apart from other Bollywood films is that it deals with taboo issues in its portrayal of Uncle Tej’s pedophilia. This is seen from the point of view of his pat victim, Ria. The audience is not told explicitly what is occurring, but through the use of shots of Ria appearing distressed followed by shots of Tej, it becomes apparent that something sinister is happening. This particular storyline climaxes with Ria’s public accusation...

Does Airport Security Make Us Safer? Essay -- airport security is utte

On the morning of 22 March 2016, three coordinated nail bombings occurred in Belgium: two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem, and one at Maalbeek metro station in Brussels. In these attacks, 32 victims and three suicide bombers were killed, and over 300 people were injured. Another bomb was found during a search of the airport. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks.[1] 1. "Another bomb found in Brussels after attacks kill at least 34; Islamic State claims responsibility". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 March 2016. It has become a regular part of air travel, the common airline passenger expects to have to undergo certain screenings before they ever board an aircraft. The procedure of removing shoes, jackets, belts, laptops, etc. has become a regular occurrence and most people feel a feeling of security because these precautions are taken with every passenger. But are travelers as safe as they feel? Airports are broken into five areas of security, the Public area, Sterile, SIDA (Secure Identification Display Area), Air operations Area, and Secure. The common thoughts about security breaches at an airport are those of someone getting through the sterile area, this area is where individuals are screened prior to getting to the aircraft gates. The reason for this perception stems from the attacks on the morning of September 11th 2001, where nineteen hijackers made it through security screening and on to four aircraft leading into the worst loss of life due to terrorism in the history of the United States. However, this paper will focus on the latter security areas through the security precautions taken to try and prevent unauthorized access as well as notable failur... ...13, from http://www.nec-nis.co.jp/en/product/videosecurity/hbacs/ Oliver, B. (2013, February 20). Investigation: Airport security - Dallas News | myFOXdfw.com. Investigation: Airport security - Dallas News | myFOXdfw.com. Retrieved November 18, 2013, from http://www.myfoxdfw.com/story/21290524/investigation-airport-security Pescador, K., Renga, A., & Gay, P. (2012). N/A. San Diego International Airport, Lindbergh Field (p. 110). s.l.: Arcadia Publishing (SC). Stereovision. (n.d.). The ultimate in anti-piggybacking technology. Stereovision. Retrieved November 20, 2013, from http://www.boonedam.us/securityaccess/stereovision.asp Stoller, G. (2011, July 12). Airport security breaches since 2001 raise alarms. USATODAY.COM. Retrieved November 24, 2013, from http://travel.usatoday.com/flights/story/2011/07/Airport-security-breaches-since-2001-raise-alarms/49326312/1

True Life: Reality Television Is Scripted

Since the 1990’s, when reality television first started becoming widely popular, we have been able to see into the lives of different kinds of people, often turning everyday people into celebrities. With some of the most popular reality television shows, like Big Brother, True Life, American Idol, and most recently Jersey Shore, we are led on to believe that it is all real (â€Å"The Hunger Games Theme of Versions of Reality†). The reality of this television though is that most of it is either altered or manipulated just for our own entertainment.The directors of some of these shows often script, manipulate and plan situations to make the shows more appealing to their audiences (â€Å"How Much of the Reality†). Even in popular books like The Hunger Games where reality television is a theme, it is shown that it is changed just for the entertainment of the viewers (â€Å"The Hunger Games Theme of Versions of Reality†). While it is perceived to be real, the t itle of â€Å"reality television† is a misnomer because most showed turn out to be fake and scripted.Reality television directors push their participants into exploiting themselves for the entertainment of their viewers. There are hundreds of reality television shows currently on, and they make up a large portion of what people are exposed to in popular media, especially young people. While most shows won’t admit to being scripted, in fear of losing their â€Å"reality television† title, some shows have admitted to planning situations to get a good reaction out to the cast, which makes for more interesting television.Also, some directors have said that they do push the participants to the edge when they can to get interesting reactions out of them. They say there are lines that they don’t tend to cross, but they like to mess with the mind of their participants of their shows (â€Å"How Much of the Reality†). By pushing the people to their limits, a nd manipulating situations, they basically do whatever they can to produce an entertaining show.In the country of Panem, where the book The Hunger Games takes place, reality television is something that the people look forward to each year. The people of Panem and especially the people in the Capitol gather together and look forward to seeing the games each year; just as a group of friends may get together and watch the season premiere of Jersey Shore. The people look forward to one show in particular though, called The Hunger Games.But this reality show they watch is a little different than the ones we watch; instead of living in a house with strangers, or hopefully finding true love, the contestants kill one another until one is left standing (â€Å"The Hunger Games Theme of Versions of Reality). The game makers, who are the ones controlling the game don’t seem to always make it fair, that’s where is seems scripted in a way. There are several examples in the book wh ere The Hunger Games was altered simply for the entertainment of the viewers.First, throughout the training Katniss, the main character of the story, is told to be and act like someone whom she is not. Katniss is told to act friendly, and personable, and desirable so that she will have a stronger chance to surviving the games and it will make the viewers like her (Collins 135). Also another important example of when the Capitol changed the game for entertainment purposes is when they set fire to the forest to keep Katniss in the game (Collins 171). They also set the fire to give the viewers some excitement.In today’s reality TV, the directors will stir up conflicts and situations often to create excitement. In modern day reality television and also a fictional version of reality TV in The Hunger Games, entertainment of their audiences is more important than the actual realness of what they are showing. Being said to be some of the most romantic shows on television, an average of 17 million people tune in each week to view The Bachelor and The Bachelorette. What seems to be true love on screen, doesn’t always translate to that off screen.The success rates of the show’s relationships are low. In the 23 combined seasons of The Bachelor and The Bachelorette only 17% of couples are still together. Most of the couple who are not together anymore broke up between 1 month and 1 year after the finale of the show. With so many failed relationships resulting so quickly from the show, it makes viewers wonder how much of the romances were actually enhanced for the for entertainment of the show (â€Å"How Many Bachelor†).Reality television is widely popular in today’s entertainment; it seems like you can’t turn the TV on without having not having the option of catching up on a different version of reality television. We are led on to believe that it is all real, but the reality of these television programs is that it isn’t al l real. A lot of it is faked just to get a good show, and to entertain people. While simply the genre of reality TV naturally drives people’s interests in, so the directors manipulate situations and people reactions to produce something that they hope to get as many viewers as possible.Its supposedly â€Å"reality television,† so why isn’t it all real? Work Cited â€Å"How Much of the Reality Show Is Scripted? † Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 30 July 2010. Web. 04 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"The Hunger Games Theme of Versions of Reality. † Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. , 2010. Web. 04 Oct. 2012. . Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic Press, 2008. Print. â€Å"How Many Bachelor and Bachelorette Couples Actually Make It? – The Bachelor. † Home – wetpaint. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. .

Free Essays on Titus Fatal Mistakes

Titus’ Fatal and Tragic Mistakes â€Å"Titus Andronicus is a play with 14 killings, 9 of them on stage, 6 severed members, 1 rape (or 2 or 3, depending on how you count), 1 live burial, 1 case of insanity and 1 of cannibalisman average of 5.2 atrocities per act, or one for every 97 lines.† (Film Review) Titus Andronicus, a bloody melee filled with an orgy of gratuitous violence, scornful revenges and dreadful tragedies was written by the great author, William Shakespeare. This story revolves around a noble man Titus Andronicus, who returns after defeating the Goths in a brutal battle and is immediately put under intense pressure. He is faced with a dilemma, either to preserve traditions or look after the city’s welfare. In all three cases, Titus makes fatal mistakes, where he loses his nobility, pride and life. Firstly, Titus sacrifices Tamora’s son, then chooses Saturninus as the new emperor and lastly, brings Aaron to Rome as a prisoner. The first of Titus’ fatal mistakes takes place when he decides to preserve the tradition of victory by sacrificing a body on behalf of the Roman cause. Thus, Titus chooses his greatest prisoner, Alarbus, who is Tamora’s son, to be sacrificed. Titus’ ambition is expressed in these short phrases where he is caught talking to Tamora, â€Å"I give him you, the noblest that survives, the eldest son of this distressed queen.† (Act 1, Scene 1) Tamora pleads for her son’s life but is ignored by Titus who chops off his limbs and throws them into the fire. Following this incident, Tamora is deluged with anger and hatred for Titus. Arguably, Alarbus’ scarification leads to the rape and ravishment of Lavinia because Tamora hunted for revenge on Titus. Not only does this adherence to tradition lead to the harassment of Lavinia, but also the downfall of Titus’ character and leads to his death. Before his essential mistakes, Titus was regarded as a man with nobility, dignity and decency... Free Essays on Titus' Fatal Mistakes Free Essays on Titus' Fatal Mistakes Titus’ Fatal and Tragic Mistakes â€Å"Titus Andronicus is a play with 14 killings, 9 of them on stage, 6 severed members, 1 rape (or 2 or 3, depending on how you count), 1 live burial, 1 case of insanity and 1 of cannibalisman average of 5.2 atrocities per act, or one for every 97 lines.† (Film Review) Titus Andronicus, a bloody melee filled with an orgy of gratuitous violence, scornful revenges and dreadful tragedies was written by the great author, William Shakespeare. This story revolves around a noble man Titus Andronicus, who returns after defeating the Goths in a brutal battle and is immediately put under intense pressure. He is faced with a dilemma, either to preserve traditions or look after the city’s welfare. In all three cases, Titus makes fatal mistakes, where he loses his nobility, pride and life. Firstly, Titus sacrifices Tamora’s son, then chooses Saturninus as the new emperor and lastly, brings Aaron to Rome as a prisoner. The first of Titus’ fatal mistakes takes place when he decides to preserve the tradition of victory by sacrificing a body on behalf of the Roman cause. Thus, Titus chooses his greatest prisoner, Alarbus, who is Tamora’s son, to be sacrificed. Titus’ ambition is expressed in these short phrases where he is caught talking to Tamora, â€Å"I give him you, the noblest that survives, the eldest son of this distressed queen.† (Act 1, Scene 1) Tamora pleads for her son’s life but is ignored by Titus who chops off his limbs and throws them into the fire. Following this incident, Tamora is deluged with anger and hatred for Titus. Arguably, Alarbus’ scarification leads to the rape and ravishment of Lavinia because Tamora hunted for revenge on Titus. Not only does this adherence to tradition lead to the harassment of Lavinia, but also the downfall of Titus’ character and leads to his death. Before his essential mistakes, Titus was regarded as a man with nobility, dignity and decency...

Free Essays on The Secret Behind The Hero

â€Å"The Secret Behind the hero† Reading the Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus appears to be a brave, skilled warrior. He ventured through many obstacles and faced dangers that almost took his life away. He is perceived by the gods as hero. However, Odysseus was able to survive all the dangers by the help of gods, they protected him every time he was at risk, especially Athena who offered him help and support whenever he was in need. Would Odysseus be considered as hero and gain Throne without gods help? Odysseus is unique among epic heroes; his strength comes mainly from his mind opposing other heroes whose strength comes from physical ability. Odysseus overcomes obstacles using cunning, guile and superiority of intellect. Odysseus demonstrated his patience and good use of his reason, when he managed to outsmart Polyphemus and poke out his only eye. Homer describes Odysseus’ outstanding skills in the following lines: â€Å" The pike of olive, green though it had been, reddened and glowed as if about to catch. I drew it from the coals †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and rammed it Deep in his crater eye†. (Book IX, line 400, p 315). He also came back home alive despite of all the obstacles including storms, kidnapping and hardship. The gods were very significant to King Odysseus’ life. Every time he obeyed them and followed their advice he succeeded and escaped death. His trip to reach home, in Ithaca and his wife was organized by the gods; he only had to follow instructions. Zeus sent Hermes to Calypso to release him. Athena went to Odysseus’s house and set up a plan with his son Telemachus that would help to bring his father home. During his journey he was helped by godly powers along the way. Athena was his guide to find his way home, she was constantly by his side and comforted him by telling him: â€Å" No fear but I shall be there; you’ll go forward under my arm when the crux comes at last.† Even when the god of sea Poseidon wanted to t... Free Essays on The Secret Behind The Hero Free Essays on The Secret Behind The Hero â€Å"The Secret Behind the hero† Reading the Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus appears to be a brave, skilled warrior. He ventured through many obstacles and faced dangers that almost took his life away. He is perceived by the gods as hero. However, Odysseus was able to survive all the dangers by the help of gods, they protected him every time he was at risk, especially Athena who offered him help and support whenever he was in need. Would Odysseus be considered as hero and gain Throne without gods help? Odysseus is unique among epic heroes; his strength comes mainly from his mind opposing other heroes whose strength comes from physical ability. Odysseus overcomes obstacles using cunning, guile and superiority of intellect. Odysseus demonstrated his patience and good use of his reason, when he managed to outsmart Polyphemus and poke out his only eye. Homer describes Odysseus’ outstanding skills in the following lines: â€Å" The pike of olive, green though it had been, reddened and glowed as if about to catch. I drew it from the coals †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and rammed it Deep in his crater eye†. (Book IX, line 400, p 315). He also came back home alive despite of all the obstacles including storms, kidnapping and hardship. The gods were very significant to King Odysseus’ life. Every time he obeyed them and followed their advice he succeeded and escaped death. His trip to reach home, in Ithaca and his wife was organized by the gods; he only had to follow instructions. Zeus sent Hermes to Calypso to release him. Athena went to Odysseus’s house and set up a plan with his son Telemachus that would help to bring his father home. During his journey he was helped by godly powers along the way. Athena was his guide to find his way home, she was constantly by his side and comforted him by telling him: â€Å" No fear but I shall be there; you’ll go forward under my arm when the crux comes at last.† Even when the god of sea Poseidon wanted to t...

Essay Sample on Sociology An Analysis of Social LIfe

Essay Sample on Sociology An Analysis of Social LIfe Society has different norms and culture; it varies from one community to the other based on their practices and beliefs (Hess, 1988).   Its standards dictate on how people act, speak and think. It molds individual on how he become in his future life. His individuality is the mirror of his society. What he is; is exactly what his society is all about. A person who belongs to a conservative society will bear and possess a traditional attitude also. His way of thinking always has something to do with his community. He always makes a consideration of how and what people think about him. People belong to a certain community or groups are expected to behave and think according to what the social practices are. A female teenager, for example, is said to be at home before 9 o’clock in the evening, she must not see roaming around alone at night. Eldest siblings are considered as a role model, she/he must behave accurately that her/his younger sisters/brothers will look up to and subject to follow. A man must marry first his girlfriend before doing any sexual encounter. Female must be married first before she lives to together with her man and has children. Doing so will make them deviant to the society. An individual must maintain her/his good image in accordance to society’s standard where she/he belongs, to avoid to be labeled as deviators by the society and to protect society’s image as a whole. Such practices passed from one generation to the other. It rooted from the older age and passed through their children up to the great-grandchildren. The believed practices and norms existed as the society existed, and people came in to adapt and adjust his community.Being an unmarried pregnant teenager is a taboo and considered deviant to the society.   A teenager is expected to be in school, finished college, hav e a degree, get a job and get married before she bears a child. Teenagers at their young age are likely to engage things, which are very dependent on their parents. They are less expected to do stuff like what the adult does, like involving with opposite sex. Thus becoming unmarried pregnant at an early age is an issue to the society. It’s an implication that society’s norm is not well implemented to its occupants. Teenager personality and family background will then put into question. The society begins to map out what kind of family does the teenager has. If she is rise properly according to society’s standard because the said taboo won’t take place if she properly cares and if the norms were properly inculcated to teenager’s mind. Being a deviant, society begins to label the individual. Stereotyping will arise like, expecting the child of an unmarried pregnant teenager to be reminiscent of what her/his mother is, that the child will bring no good to society but shame. The child will be labeled as the fruit of sin and more likely to become pregnant without marriage too in her teenage life. Deviant behavior brings greater impact to the society because society plays a vital role in individual’s way of living, thinking, and behavior. Thus every individual is obligatory to behave and follow as what the society expects. One must consider what other people say before saying or doing anything. She/he is also expected to ask to the elders’ opinion before deciding to do something to avoid taboos and being deviant to the society as a whole. Sociology is a new science which focuses on the totality of social life, the context of behavior and the group level of real and social facts. An individual is part and parcel of the society. Social integration refers to the degree to which a person is part and parcel of a larger group. Marriage, family, and kinship, etc. reflect the social integration. The social integration reflects an individuals conduct and life. It binds one person to another person. In generally speaking, the word society means the members of a society in group persons rather than the social relationships of the persons. Society is a complex one. It is found that from traditional, barbaric society to the modern society, each society is formed by the combination of several social institutions. Marriage, family, educational, economic, political, religious institutions, are the basic social institutions in the society. Now some more such as school, peer groups, workplace, and the state are influencing the individu al personality. These basic social institutions govern the social movements of the human beings. They control human beings. The term socialization is used by sociologists, social psychologists and educationalists to refer to the process of learning ones culture and how to live within it. For the individual, it provides the resources necessary for acting and participating in their society. A family is a basic kinship unit, in its minimal form consisting of a wife, husband, and children. In its widest sense, it refers to all relatives living together or recognized as a social unit, including adopted persons. It is an association. It is an institution. Therefore, it is often called as Basic Social Institution because its important functions of procreation and socialization is found in some form in all the societies in the world. It is found in every society and at every stage since the human civilization started. The members of each family shall obey certain social regulations. These regulations cannot be broken so easily. The members of the family obey these social regulations with ease and free consent. The man learns basic social norms and values in his childhood. A family is the basic social institution having social control, social change. Educational institutions are regarded as the social institutions. The education at school helps as a bridge between the childhoo d and youth. A child learns the duties, rights, moral obligations along with other co-students in his school. The concept of socialization and learning are so intimately related that they are inseparable from the concept of education. Peer group is a section of people who have a common identity based on such characteristics as similar social status, interests, age, or ethnic group. For Socialization-related learning processes and perception of workplace adaptation emotions also contribute meaningfully. Gender, job satisfaction, anger, and curiosity all proved to be positive, independent predictors of socialization-related learning and workplace adaptation. One of the independent predictors is anxiety, but age, race, formal orientation, employee status, and rapidly changing workplace were not regarded as significant predictors. Job satisfaction was confirmed to be not only a result of the socialization but also an important factor in the socialization process itself.[3]The The state is a people organized by law within a definite territory. The state itself is an ideal person, intangible, invisible, immutable. The individual has no rights against the state. The state is a sovereign, and it lays down a system of imperatives. If any person disobeys the imperative of the state, which takes the form of laws, he can be punished. The state has coercive power. It is a m onopoly in nature. The state is a repressive agency. Whereas society has no such coercive power. Of course, Society can also make its own rules which regulate social behavior, but they are not imperatives. They are simply rules of conduct. The influence is up to a large extent by the factors mentioned above so that the good impact will create the best society.

Fashion and art in the last decades of the twentieth century Essay

Fashion and art in the last decades of the twentieth century - Essay Example The paper "Fashion and art in the last decades of the twentieth century" concerns the art and fashion in the context of the twentieth century. When the word fashion is mentioned, the thing that first comes to mind is the flash of colors and the dashes of glamour but fashion has more to do with ideas: ideas that pop up when one is walking in the streets, the way that we live our lives as well as what is happening of late. Fashion for many people is clothes that people wear but the truth of matter surrounding the whole concept is different as this analytic essay will further illustrate. Art can be described as an expression of the human skills as well as imaginations in a form that may either be visual, in that the art may be painted, sculptured or adored as well as appreciated for the aesthetic powers that it posses. One of the things that we can establish from the definition of art is that it comes a great deal close to what fashion can be described as apart from the way that the two are expressed physically. As an underlying similarity, we see that art and fashion are both involved in the ‘expression of one’s ideas’. By the definition what most people believe fashion is, the latest styling of hair, clothes as well as decoration and behavior, it cannot be described as an art due to the fact that an art can be described as an application or an expression of the ‘existent human skills’. As well as imagination so as to come up with something that can be described as breathtaking significance.... The world is in constant change and art as well as fashion an be in some detail be described as a culture. One of the basic things that make fashion more of an art is the sense that since the 20th century, art has been increasingly used as a form of expression as art is in a lot of ways. One of the reasons that the lines between fashion and art are blurring are due to the fact that fashion as to the levels that it has reached today since the 20th century is one of the most obtainable forms of what we can call art today due to the fact that it is one of the most basic things that we as humans use so as in the identification of the identities of others as well as an expression of our own4. Fashion or even art in this matter is difficult due to the fact that over the long periods of time that the word has been used, different implications have been used throughout times in history due to the ‘changes in social customs’ as well as the people that are existent in different st ructures of the society (Stecker, 1996). An example on the expounding of the latter statement is that presently, fashion occupies what can be described in the modern day as the center ground for the understanding of the present day culture. The evolution of art and fashion Times have evolved and as of late, everything as we know it is becoming more modern, starting from the simple basics such as the way that we think to almost all of the things that we do. Art can now be categorized as a broader term and as opposed to what many people think, it might not always have to involve the use of a paper and a pencil. Artists as well as the fashion designers throughout many instances in history have come to appreciate

Philosophy- READ THE INSTRUCTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy- READ THE INSTRUCTIONS - Essay Example The theory of empiricism says that we get knowledge through experiences. We acquire our experiences making use of senses. We know that there is a constant change in our experience. Therefore, whenever our knowledge is a subject of changes we cannot depend upon sense knowledge ultimately. I think that rationalism is the best way of viewing things. There are so many reasons to say rationalism is the best way. We can sea, hear, taste, smell, feel things. These are called experience in general. In view of neuro physiology limbic system, amygdale and hypothalamus are the responsible organs to get experience. But even a simple chemical change or damage to these organs can cause difference in experiences. Therefore, the stability of knowledge through this way is questioned. Whenever we feel the instability in knowledge, we fail to say about anything firmly that this is. So, rational knowledge is correct and superior to any other knowledge. We use our rationale to solve the problems. In mathematics we find the result through reasoning. One plus one is two. It is true and it cannot be any other number. Therefore it is a fact of necessity it cannot be gone wrongly. So we can tell that whatever conclusion may we infer through rationalizing is right knowledge. This is also an argument for stating that rational knowledge is accurate. All men are mortal, Joseph is a man, and therefore Joseph is mortal. This fact is logically proved and so it cannot be fallible. In logic we come to the conclusion through reasoning. Therefore we tell that rationalism is the accurate and correct theory. In our daily experiences we realize that many of our observations go wrong. We misunderstand things. Sometimes we misperceive things around us like seeing coir we perceive it as snake. Likewise, there are a number of such instances even in the science. At first we imagined that our world is flat but in the long run the science proved that world is oval shaped. Therefore, we

Marketing Planing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Marketing Planing - Essay Example The first IKEA Store was opened in Almhult, Sweden to showcase the entire furniture range to the common people. The main objective of the company was to offer exclusive furniture range at an affordable price for the common people. In the year 1940 the company published its first advertisement in reputed newspaper and also sent 800000 catalogues across Swedish homes (IKEA, 2013h). The furniture range was tested at the Swedish design laboratory for proving its genuine quality. The unique selling proposition of IKEA showroom is its wide availability of products ranging from candlestick to coffee tables and exclusive sofa sets (IKEA, 2013c). In addition to the variety of products the inclusion of the restaurant to each store outlets of IKEA was very popular among the customers. The company is famous for manufacturing the four legged easy to assemble table. In spite of the global economic crisis IKEA has witnessed an increase in the sales of furniture by 1.4 percent in the year 2009 from 2008 (IKEA, 2013e). The company yielded profits from the UK sector in spite of the slow economic growth in furniture industry. Figure 1: Annual Sales of IKEA Market Planning Changing &Assessing Capability The market planning method helps in developing plans which help in identification and satisfaction of customer needs. One of the major elements of market planning is to identify the customer needs and requirements through market research and development. Understanding customer requirements is necessary to develop a product as per customer specifications and requirements. Initially, the IKEA furniture range had shades of European design which reflected the European culture and heritage. IKEA was aware of the refined taste of the Europeans and it reflected in the furniture designs. IKEA came up with a unique idea of providing customers with elegant designs at minimalistic prices. This marketing strategy worked wonders for IKEA and the company started yielding huge amount of profits. When the company opened its first American store in Philadelphia in the year 1985 the market seemed to be a very good prospect for IKEA however, the cold behaviour of the American towards IKEA furniture range took the management by surprise. IKEA revamped its marketing strategy completely and renovated the entire furniture range. The marketing tactics worked wonders for IKEA and the sales of the company skyrocketed immediately. By the end of the year 2008, USA became the second largest furniture market after Germany for IKEA. This incident taught IKEA a lesson that the customers of different countries have different requirements and tastes and products should be developed accordingly. Before entering the Asian markets the management of IKEA did their homework well and studied the Asian culture carefully. For example the designs of the IKEA stores in China were similar to that of Chinese homes with attractive colours. IKEA also started paying heed to specific customer needs and requi rement for example when a woman would shop with her husband, her husband would get bored so a tool section was introduced for the comfort of the customers. The customer knows that the publication of the

Analyzing a movie Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyzing a movie - Term Paper Example Others had to work in the diamond mines; they were slaves in their own country. Diamonds were what RUF primarily sought and they were essential for RUF’s survival so that they could use them to get weapons. Diamonds were not only mined by the inhabitants of the country, but they were not used by them. They were sold off by RUF through Liberia, which was Sierra Leone’s neighboring country and the president there supported the RUF. The country was also stripped of its assets and the diamonds which were known as blood or conflict diamonds because they were found and mined in the war zone areas and funded insurgencies. Then they were traded all around the world through Liberia. (Mitchell, Zwick and Herskovitz) The movie is set in 1999 and the lives of an Anglo mercenary and a fisherman in Sierra Lone coincide with an American reporter. They are Danny Archer, Solomon Vandy and Maddy Bowen respectively. Solomon’s town is ravaged by the RUF troops and rebels cause the v illagers to run for their lives. The RUF took children and trained them to be their soldiers and basically killers and this violent war began in which there 10,000 of these child soldiers. Solomon is forced to work in the mines for diamonds and so is his son. The kids from Sierra Lone are shown as being below the RUF members and the children are taught to become part of them and forget their own; in other words they become terrorists. Solomon stumbles across a huge pink diamond and hides it and struggles to do that till the end. In jail Danny Archer’s and Solomon’s paths cross and there is again a mix in races between the Anglo mercenary who lived in Zimbabwe and the rural poor of Sierra Lone. Everyone’s goal is still the same regardless of their race or class: to get the blood diamonds before anyone else gets to them. There is a gender bias in the movie since apart from one woman, the rest aren’t highlighted, they being the rural poor and the women in Si erra Lone who suffer terrible hardships as well, mostly with their hands and feet cut off and the movie is predominantly male in nature since the struggle is between the two male actors. Maddy Bowen brings in a further blend of ethnicities because she is an American reporter with her own agenda: she wants to write a story on the blood diamonds and their corporations and this also brings in a tone of an American reporter in a place where women reporters were unheard; in fact the entire movie depicts reporters and such concepts as being predominantly absent in the rural poor areas of Sierra Lone. (Mitchell, Zwick and Herskovitz) The romantic connect in the movie is also between the Anglo and the American ethnicities and Bowen agrees to Archer’s proposal for a story in return for help in looking for Solomon’s family. There is also a hearing in South Africa where Maddy and Solomon travel together where solutions to the blood diamond problem are discussed at the Kimberly Co nference. Solomon again seems to represent the lower class; he is awkward in the court room setting in a suit, and in the room full of groomed people talking about problems they couldn’t relate to since they weren’t experiencing it made him feel further alienated. The Kimberly Process Certification Scheme was an outcome of the conference in 2000 and it was finally implemented in 2003; according to this scheme the diamonds

The Risk of Using the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Risk of Using the Internet - Essay Example Following this, the safety of one's self is also given great importance. With the internet, there are no such physiological needs that need to be fulfilled and it follows that the next concern would be security (Lester & Resnick, 2003). Often, people question the safety of the internet in various aspects. Is the internet truly safe Before tackling this issue, it is necessary to have a background on the internet. The internet is not simply about browsing through sites in the World Wide Web. It is a global network of computers and electronic devices which provides an avenue for these devices to exchange information. In fact, any such device connected to the outside world through a network may be considered part of the internet. There is no doubt that most companies and even individuals use the internet in one way or another. Unfortunately, the widespread use of the internet also makes it suitable as an accessory for crime. Computers and the internet may make one's life more convenient but they may also put one's privacy in danger. Most people are unaware that their computers may be under attack from simply surfing the internet. Computer users are inclined to think that they are anonymous and their identities are completely secure. However, this is not always the case. As a matter of fact, each computer is actually assigned with a unique address referred to as an internet protocol (IP) address. It is similar to a home address in the sense that it may be used to locate a computer within the internet. In fact, a computer may be likened to a house which typically has a front and back door. While the occupants of the house almost always ensure the security of the front door, the other door may be neglected. Similarly, a hacker only needs to locate an open backdoor to break into a system. Computer users will not even notice that a hacker has established a connection to their system. A well-equipped hacker can do anything without the need to be in close proximity to his target (Branigan, 2005). Moreover, hackers can collect information from a computer within a short span of time. Personal information including passwords to secure accounts may be acquired, effectively compromising the privacy of the user. Even with the presence of a firewall to protect the system, there are several more ways to infiltrate a computer. These include the use of viruses and the exploitation of bugs present in some web browsers. Any downloaded content involves the risk of getting one's computer infected (Branigan, 2005). Programs which are acquired through the internet may be viruses or may contain viruses which then attack a computer. At the very least, these viruses may simply be annoying. However, in more complex attacks, these viruses can be used to collect private information from a computer which can then be used in malicious ways. Anti-virus software provides both preventive and active protection against such risks. However, as Branigan stated, the virus scanning software is only as effective as its virus definitions. It is therefore important to update the said software frequently. Unfortunately, despite attempts at improving the performance of such software, virus makers are able to produce more r esilient code. One of the most popular crimes over the internet is online fraud. Electronic mail is a fast way to communicate with other people and is quickly

Analyzing a movie Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyzing a movie - Term Paper Example Others had to work in the diamond mines; they were slaves in their own country. Diamonds were what RUF primarily sought and they were essential for RUF’s survival so that they could use them to get weapons. Diamonds were not only mined by the inhabitants of the country, but they were not used by them. They were sold off by RUF through Liberia, which was Sierra Leone’s neighboring country and the president there supported the RUF. The country was also stripped of its assets and the diamonds which were known as blood or conflict diamonds because they were found and mined in the war zone areas and funded insurgencies. Then they were traded all around the world through Liberia. (Mitchell, Zwick and Herskovitz) The movie is set in 1999 and the lives of an Anglo mercenary and a fisherman in Sierra Lone coincide with an American reporter. They are Danny Archer, Solomon Vandy and Maddy Bowen respectively. Solomon’s town is ravaged by the RUF troops and rebels cause the v illagers to run for their lives. The RUF took children and trained them to be their soldiers and basically killers and this violent war began in which there 10,000 of these child soldiers. Solomon is forced to work in the mines for diamonds and so is his son. The kids from Sierra Lone are shown as being below the RUF members and the children are taught to become part of them and forget their own; in other words they become terrorists. Solomon stumbles across a huge pink diamond and hides it and struggles to do that till the end. In jail Danny Archer’s and Solomon’s paths cross and there is again a mix in races between the Anglo mercenary who lived in Zimbabwe and the rural poor of Sierra Lone. Everyone’s goal is still the same regardless of their race or class: to get the blood diamonds before anyone else gets to them. There is a gender bias in the movie since apart from one woman, the rest aren’t highlighted, they being the rural poor and the women in Si erra Lone who suffer terrible hardships as well, mostly with their hands and feet cut off and the movie is predominantly male in nature since the struggle is between the two male actors. Maddy Bowen brings in a further blend of ethnicities because she is an American reporter with her own agenda: she wants to write a story on the blood diamonds and their corporations and this also brings in a tone of an American reporter in a place where women reporters were unheard; in fact the entire movie depicts reporters and such concepts as being predominantly absent in the rural poor areas of Sierra Lone. (Mitchell, Zwick and Herskovitz) The romantic connect in the movie is also between the Anglo and the American ethnicities and Bowen agrees to Archer’s proposal for a story in return for help in looking for Solomon’s family. There is also a hearing in South Africa where Maddy and Solomon travel together where solutions to the blood diamond problem are discussed at the Kimberly Co nference. Solomon again seems to represent the lower class; he is awkward in the court room setting in a suit, and in the room full of groomed people talking about problems they couldn’t relate to since they weren’t experiencing it made him feel further alienated. The Kimberly Process Certification Scheme was an outcome of the conference in 2000 and it was finally implemented in 2003; according to this scheme the diamonds

Evaluating Civil Engineering in Modern Day Technology as a Career Path Research Paper

Evaluating Civil Engineering in Modern Day Technology as a Career Path - Research Paper Example Civil engineers are analytical thinkers and are more comfortable dealing with concrete facts. When presented with a problem, they like to solve it. I have selected Civil engineering because of its importance in the everyday life and the solutions it gives to the various problems being faced by human beings on Earth which have originated due to the scarcity of resources. Selecting Civil engineering as a profession directly influences the every day life of individuals as the impacts of the environmental issues, the problems due to rapid urbanization and limited resources are equally evident to each and every individual of the society and every individual of the society is equally responsible for solving these issues however, a Civil engineer is in a much better position to propose solutions to these problems and thus he can become an effective member of the society. After selecting this profession an individual does not remain a mere spectator of the problems faced by mankind but can t hink about various different solution available to solve the issues resulting in a remarkable change in the everyday life of the individual who selects civil engineering as a profession. ... For example, only a Civil engineer can think about recycling waste water in Qatar as a solution to water scarcity, a Civil engineer can propose the mechanism to make earthquake resistant buildings in Tokyo, a Civil engineer can propose the mechanism to limit the discharge from industries to conserve air quality in Bombay, a Civil engineer can propose the use of micro-hydro potential of waters in China as a solution to energy crisis, a Civil engineer can propose damping mechanism to limit the vibrations of Millennium bridge in London; in short a Civil engineer sees things differently from other individuals of the society and can provide solutions to the problems which are affecting the everyday life of human beings. Civil engineers design facilities to improve the quality of life of people in the whole world. The various tasks which civil engineers do for improving the quality of life include designing and construction of railways, roadways and bridges to ease traffic congestion, meet ing the increasing energy needs of the world through providing various new non-conventional solutions for power generation and the planning and development of urban areas; all these works are related to the everyday life of individuals living on this planet. Goals and Objectives for a Civil Engineer Civil engineering is a very vast field and has many sub-disciplines as well as interdisciplinary fields. Studying Civil engineering at undergraduate level will allow me to get an understanding of the various sub-disciplines of this field and thus after studying the civil engineering for a few years I will be in a better position to specify my goals and objectives.

The Big Five model Essay Example for Free

The Big Five model Essay The Big Five model is an inventory tool which is very helpful in assessing one’s personality by evaluating five dimensions; these attributes are conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Although these five dimensions alone cannot explain the human personality in its entirety, psychologists have agreed that these dimensions do encompass both heredity and environmental factors. This model has proved to be quite effective in evaluating potential candidates for jobs since the measure of its dimensions can be correlated to performance outcomes of various job roles (Tyler Newcombe, 2006). Conscientiousness is a dimension of the human psyche which emphasizes the need to be disciplined and goal-oriented. Individuals who have a high level of conscientiousness are usually very duty-bound and organized. Openness to experience is a personality trait which influences the extent to which an individual is open towards new and abstract concepts and thoughts. Individuals who are well-endowed with this trait are very creative and outstanding in problem-solving due to the ability to expand their horizons. Extraversion is an inclination to socialize and interact. People who posses a high level of extraversion are out-spoken and tend to easily mingle with new people. Agreeableness is a quality of being accommodative of other people’s actions and opinions. People who posses this quality are cooperative and work extremely well in groups. Neuroticism is a tendency to frequently and suddenly experience negative emotions such as depression, anger, anxiety or fear (University of Wisconsin). Neurotic individuals exhibit unpredictable behavior and mood swings due to the inability to keep their emotions under check. Samantha’s decent score in openness to experience signifies her willingness to experiment with new ideas. Her moderately high score in agreeableness implies that she is quite unbiased, fairly analytical and does not take things personally. Samantha’s excellent score in conscientiousness suggests that she is a very dependable and self-motivated person who is capable of gaining the respect of her associates. Her outstanding scores in extraversion vouch for her dynamic personality and indicate that she is free of inhibitions. She also has low neurotic scores, which implies that she is a calm and composed person. All these are indispensable qualities of a good leader and would certainly make Samantha an excellent manager. Reference: Tyler, G. and Newcombe, P. (2006). Relationship between work performance and personality traits in Hong Kong organizational settings. International Journal of Selection Assessment, 14, 37-50. University of Wisconsin. (n. d. ). A Quick Overview of the Big Five Model of Personality. Retrieved 28 January, 2007 from http://www. uwmc. uwc. edu/psychology/big_five. htm

Freud and Eysencks Theories of Crime

Freud and Eysencks Theories of Crime Freud Eysencks Theory of Crime Crime Introduction By studying the work of criminologist’s Freud and Eysenck, this essay will consist of me looking at key psychological factors, I will look at the strengths and limitations of their personality theories of crime. I will put forward a wide range of explanations, by studying the work of the criminologists and trying to understand the causes of crime, for example psychological issues. Psychology relates to the study of peoples’ mind. Psychological theories of crime look at the differences in individual behaviour and how that makes it more likely for individuals to commit a criminal act. The reason for these differences may be due to personality characteristics, biological factors, or social connections. (Freud, S. 1961) Psychodynamic explanations of crime and criminal behaviour have their origins, by looking at the significant work of Sigmund Freud (1956-1939). The psychoanalytical model developed by Freud in which he believes that a human progresses, early in life. Freud comes to say the human personality has three sets of interacting forces. These include the id, the ego and the superego. These are three components in a human personality that initiate them to behave in the manner they do and make individuals what they are. Firstly the id which is believed to be primitive, which supply’s unconscious drives for food and sex. The id triggers humans to do all the things that feel good, regardless if they are wrong. A child who is cries when they are hungry, this is the id triggering the child for the needs to be met. Secondly, is the superego which contains the conscience. According to Freud the superego consists of values and morals internalised through a person’s life. The super ego merges between the id and ego. It helps individuals feel good about something they have done right and feel guilty for something they have done wrong. Thirdly, the ego or the conscious personality, this personality component helps humans face reality by adjudicating between the other two components id and superego. Ego helps individuals not to follow every desire they have which is created by the id. This component allows the principle of reality which guides improper sexual and aggressive drives to suitable intentions. The ego is something that is learnt. Freud believes humans are born with their id. Freud believes the id holds importance to the personality, for example the id allows a newborn to get its needs met by crying. The id is set on getting pleasure; the id wants whatever feels good despite the outcome of the situation being bad. By looking at the example of a child who will cry to meet his satisfactions, this is a good way to explain how the id works; the id will speak until the needs are met. The id just wants to meet its own satisfaction without any consideration about reality. Looking at babies who are inconsiderate to their parents, weather there parents are sleeping eating etc if they want something they will cry for it until they get it. This shows if the id wants something, noting else is important. During the child developing through life the second component of the personality develops. This is known as the ego, the ego looks at the reality theory. Not like the id the ego is more considerate it understands feeling and emotions of others and takes them into account. Therefore the ego meets the needs of the id, at the same time looking at the reality of the condition. By the time a child is five the development of the third personality component develops. Freud called this Superego. The superego is seen as the honest part of humans. It determines what is right or wrong by looking the moral and ethical barriers placed by people around us. The ego according to Freud is the most powerful component. Freud believes that the ego complies with the desires of the id and the superego. At the same time the ego relates on the factors of reality. Freud believed that if the id gets a strong desire and self satisfaction obtains an individuals life. The stronger the superego is, the more an individual will be driven to harsh ethics. By looking at the development of the superego, is it said that the superego acts on the ego. The superego is believed to internally have rules and punishments; the superego praises and punishes the child in the same way as the parents. This then builds up to the child learning what is right and wrong. The id works for pleasure and superego wants control; the relationship with parents is seen as important. Assumed that the failure to develop a superego was the result of the parents being unloving or absent for much of the child’s upbringing (Aichhorn, 1963). Nevertheless having parents who are kind and caring could have the same effect. Freud’s theory concludes around the idea that inner, dynamic forces influence human behaviour. On the other hand Eysenck was one in many psychologists to study personality. Eysenck’s personality theory was different. Eysenck based it upon psychological concepts of conditioning whereas Freud’s theory was based on conscience, but Eysenck viewed the concept very differently. Eysenck believes there is a biological basis to personality. Were individuals are genetically predestined. Eysenck believes individuals tend to learn the rules and norms of society through conscious. This is obtained through happenings in life, when involved in certain situations. He goes on to say the good receive rewards and the bad or unexpected are punished. Eysenck also believes there are three dimensions to a personality. Firstly extraversion which is said to have two components impulsiveness and sociability, each of which are independent of each other. Eysenck looked at extroversion as individuals who enjoy ‘positive events’ especially social events, they are seen to enjoy involvement in gatherings e.g. parties. They enjoy mixing in with others and talking rather then being on their own. Extraverts are seen to ‘fade’ if they are on their own or bored. People who are extraverts enjoy interacting with other and are seen to be assertive and talkative. Extraversion in individuals allows them to spend more time with people and less time on their own. They are seen to have a more positive approach and are more energised when people are around. They are seen to take risks and hold leadership abilities. Low extraversion is expressed as introversion. This is totally opposite to extroversion. Example of introverts are writers, artist etc. People with high introversion are only concerned and interested in their own psychological life. Introverts enjoy spending time on there own, for example they enjoy reading and writing rather than engaging in activities such as social gatherings. Introverts are seen to be ‘low key’. Introverts enjoy observing situations before they take part, they allow themselves to concentrate on a certain activity or person before they get involved or take part in another. Introverts should not be considered as shy people, due to them as individuals enjoying time spent by themselves; they don’t hold fear of mixing in with people. Due to there own preference they enjoy time spent on their own. Eysenck referred neuroticism or instability to individuals who have negative emotions, such as people who are moody, anxious, and highly insensitive. Stability then is the lack of this behaviour. Individuals with high N are seen as neurotic; whereas someone with a low score would be see as stable. Eysenck found that women are more neurotic than men. Little (1963) carried out research by comparing the scores for convicted young offenders on the extroversion and neuroticism scope with those who are non-offenders. The outcome of his research was that there was no difference in relation to extroversion but the offenders scored higher on the neuroticism dimension. Neither element showed the relation of replicate offending. Eysenck (1977) agues that different combinations of different personality scopes within people influence their capability to learn not to offend and therefore the level of offending someone with a high E and high N equal a stable introvert. Introverts are seen as the most effectively conditioned. Eysenck found that stable extroverts and neurotic introverts come somewhere between the two limits in provisions such as conditioning. Sigmund Freud defined psychoanalysis as â€Å"a method of mind investigation, and especially of the unconscious mind† (Freud 1920). Looking at the relationship between psychoanalysis and crime, Freud created the psychoanalytic theory; this theory is used in criminology to explain crime. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is based on the fact that individuals welfare of a strong relation between the id, ego and superego. However Freud never had much to say about crime. This theory is based on the basis of why crime is committed, and the reasons for crime within an individual. Freud based it on the fact that crime is caused by e.g. conflict in individual’s early life that leads them to become criminals. Freud’s theory suggests that individuals with anti-social tendencies, in the unconscious of there mind, they tend to think back to traumatic events in their early life, which causes long term psychological problems. Another reason why Freud believes individuals become criminals and start committing crimes is due to the id getting out of control. Freud went on to say that there are three possible reasons for individuals to commit crime which relate to his theory are: Strong conscious – which creates guilt within individuals Weak conscious – which does not control individual desires and Criminal needs for instant pleasure. Freud’s theory suggests that individuals may have tension or disagreements in their mind which lead to guilt. As a result they gain views and feelings inside that make them wanting to be punished. He feels unconscious differences reason crime. Displacement according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is when an individual’s desire changes from something that is wrong or intolerable to something that is right and suitable. For example when something does not go right for someone i.e. exam: and the pupil feels angry at the teacher due to them asking hard, difficult questions. The pupil knows that they can’t say anything to the teacher and to take they anger out they take it out on someone closer to them i.e. there little brother. This allows individuals not to commit crime and control their feelings and urges and carry out their anger in not a criminal manner. Freud expresses repression as the procedure to condemnation. He believes that people have memories, urges, etc but these feelings are hard or unacceptable to think about, individuals tend to take them out there mind and conscious and not think about them. This is what Freud expressed repression as, which is comparable to suppression. Theories of over control start with the view that crime and criminality are: subjective, meaning there is confliction between them as the definition changes over time. Over control relates to the concern of criminalisation, and why individuals become selected criminals and why individuals react different to them. Over control is a theory that society can make, adjust or remove rules which have been placed. The development of a criminal personality can be due to the way a child had been bought up from an early age. This could lead to the child developing a criminal personality when the child becomes older. Freud planned two different models of criminal behaviour. He firstly looked at the types of criminal activity e.g. arson shoplifting etc. he looked at his theory psychosexual development and believed that the disruption of psychic development which may easily be disrupted, leading to neuroses. He believed that people affected at anyone or more of theses periods in childhood may be the reason for criminal behaviour in later life. Freud believes that psychosexual development of a child is the inspiration or impact of the parents, the impact of the parents is seen to be unconscious. Freud believed that both parents and child are not conscious of the influence they have on each other, therefore he believed that there is less chance of parents producing children that offend. Secondly Freud’s model of criminal behaviour was the offenders acquire a weak conscious. Freud stated that the progress on the conscious is essentially significant on the upbringing of the child. He sees morals are closely linked to guilt, and those individuals who have an unconscious guilt are the ones who are most liable to be part of criminal behaviour. Aichhorn (1925) argued that the birth of a child has certain natural desires that want satisfactions. A child is unaware and unaffected by the values of society surrounding the child. The parents therefore should bring the child to a social state. If the upbringing of the child is ineffective the child remains asocial. This could lead to actual offending behaviour. He believed that individuals with fully developed conscious but had parents who were criminals themselves. Secondly there were those who had been allowed to do whatever they wanted by weak parents. I think that psychoanalysis can be used to explain types of serial killing or mental disorders. I feel that individuals who kill people or suffer from a mental illness is due to past experiences they experienced, therapists use psychoanalysis in order to retrieve into the unconscious mind of an individual. They get individuals to talk about what comes into there head and studying the dreams of the individual, the therapist than makes the individual aware of things that are going occurring in there mind that they are unconscious of. Theorists believe the unconscious mind is strange. They believe that individuals cannot work out there problems themselves, which lead to other people sorting out there issues. The criticism of this theory is that people believe that Freud theory is too simple to explain the density of the human mind; Freud overstated sex and was seen to be sexiest. Looking at his theory was a feminist approach, Freud theories were believed to be essentially from a male viewpoint with his own self-analysis. He hardly integrated female viewpoints into his theories. Looking at the relationship between Eysenck’s personality theory and crime, Eysenck believes by looking at traditional theory there is no therapy of behavioural disorders. Eysenck’s theory of criminal behaviour puts together biology, social and individual features. Children who are socialised and bought up the right way, makes the child aware of the right and wrong things, they will then keep away from activities that will have consequences Eysenck believes children control there own impulses. Eysenck believes individual’s behaviour is inner initiative and motivation. Looking at personality and criminal behaviour it is believed that life alone can not justify why individuals turn to crime. Eysenck said that children that are born with criminal features or due to experiences that lead them to be criminals. Criminal doings are seen as inner desired which are not fulfilled (sublimation). Eysencks theory has been criticized due to a great amount of doubt and ambiguity regarding the validity and trueness of his theory. Farrington (1994) however proposed the approach taken seems to at least indentify a discrete connection involving offending and impulsiveness. Though Farrington found no significant connection with personality. Eysenck study on anti social behavior has not yet been fully tested. Conclusion By looking at the work of both criminologists Eysenck and Freud, I feel that the more research should be done on the causes of crime in the future, by looking at the critics of both theorist it has been said that Freud being sexist and the ambiguity of Eysenck work could not really clarify why individuals behave the way they do. I feel that more research should be put into the work of researchers. Looking at psychodynamic and behavioural learning traditions a criminal mind or personality does exist. References Aichorn, A. (1963). Wayward Youth. NY: Viking. Farrington, D. (1994). Psychological Explanations of Crime. Dartmouth: Aldershot. Freud, S. (1941). Criminals from a Sense of Guilt pp. 332-33 Vol. 14 The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press. Freud, S. (1961). The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19). London: Hogarth. Little, A. (1963). An Introduction to Criminological Theory: Second edition, Roger Hopkins Burke.

Attributes That Have Influence Essay -- essays research papers

Attributes That Have Influenced Western Civilization There have been major influences from ancient civilizations that have helped the development of our Western Civilization today. Two major civilizations that have maybe contributed the most to our civilization are ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Some of their contributions to our world today include farming, sailing and navigation, and the use of their calendar. First, and possibly the most important attribute that have come from the ancient civilizations is the art of farming. The ancient Mesopotamians are credited with inventing farming. Farming is in our civilization today is crucial for the survival of all mankind. (Roberts, p.48-50) Due to overpopulation, and the increase of housing and development, there are no natural areas for people to gather, so farming is essential. Without the development of farming people of the United States and people of the world would be starving. Not only did the Mesopotamians develop farming, but they also were able to use engineering to help make farming work. For example, the Mesopotamians developed dikes and cisterns that they used for irrigation. Irrigation is still a significant part in farming today. (Roberts, p.48-50) Another attribute that has influenced the development of Western Civilizations, is that of sailing and navigation. (Roberts, p.65) The people of Egypt taught themselves and others that followed how to build boats and sail. The Egyptians also developed a system of na...

freeaw A Womans Fight for Independence in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

A Woman's Fight for Independence in The Awakening Right from the beginning the plot is almost conveniently evident. You find a woman, Edna Pontellier, tired of living her life as a pampered and "owned" wife and mother. She is searching for much more in her life, some sort of meaning for her whole existence. She searches for a long time but in the end, the inevitability of her life's pattern and direction wraps around her, suffocating her. She is overcome with wonder, confusion, and guilt for what she believes and what she does to express her beliefs. She finally finds a way to beat the "proper" 1890's lifestyle by committing suicide. During this story Edna struggles with three main opposing powers. First, there is the society's opinion of what a woman's "roles" in life was and how they should act, look, and feel. Second, is her independent nature. The last opposing power she comes across is her undying love for the charming Robert Lebrun. It is the unwritten rule that a woman should marry, have children, and be happy and content with that as their life. Society portrays this to be a woman's rightful job and duty. A woman should act and look "proper" at all times. This is what Edna is fighting against in this novel. She feels that, though many women agree with this "known" rule, it isn't fair. For six years Edna conforms to these ideas by being a "proper" wife and mother, holding Tuesday socials and going to operas, following the same enduring schedule. It is only after her summer spent at Grand Isle that her "mechanical" lifestyle becomes apparent to her. She sees how much she is unhappy with the expectations, held by society, of her life and she wishes to erase them and live her life as she wants. Edna has an independent, almost self centered, nature about her. Her need for an uncontrolled lifestyle is what leaves her feeling "owned" and wanting to break that label; she fights to do as she wishes. Little by little she breaks free of society's' image, letting her independence shine through. She cancels her Tuesday socials and helps out around the house doing little chores. The biggest step she made was her decision to move away from her mansion and into the "pigeon house", a little cottage around corner.

A Study of the Information Seeking Behavior of Undergraduate Students Essay

1.Introduction Information seeking behavior has been studied in several groups in recent decades. Different people have different information seeking behaviours, and this proposal chooses to a study the information seeking behaviours of undergraduate students. First of all, I want to provide some general knowledge of information seeking behaviour. Information seeking is one of the fundamental activities that undergraduate students practice in the process of gathering information and building knowledge. The information seeking behaviour begins when the information seeker realizes that he or she is lacking some knowledge which will help her or him fulfil a higher level goal and college students mainly seek information to fill in the gap that occurs basically as a result of lack of information regarding a specific topic. Information seeking behaviour refers to the way people search for and utilise information. Wilson (2000) described that information behaviour as the totality of human behaviour in relation to sources and channels of information, including both active and passive information-seeking, and information use. He described information seeking behaviour as purposive seeking of information as a consequence of a need to satisfy some goal. Information seeking behaviour is the micro-level of behaviour employed by the searcher in interacting with information systems of all kinds, be it between the seeker and the system, or the pure method of creating and following up on a search. In this report, I will present more information about information seeking behaviour of undergraduate students. 2.Aims and Objectives   Some scholars have investigated the relationship between information seeking behaviour, personality and approach to studying (Jannica, 2000). However, this proposal will focus on the undergraduate students. The research question for this study will be centred on where did the students get information from when they are lacking in knowledge? Furthermore, the study will examine the influence of students’ gender and course of study on the pattern of information seeking by the students.In addition, more specifically this study is designed to explore the following questions and the methodology of the study is designed to answer these questions.

Mythology of Today

On the other hand there are many instances that show that Greek mythology still pulses through our veins and in our society; it's only in a efferent form that what how we normally see the Greek myths. The stories we know from history have strong parallels in the currently worshiped religion of Christianity. There are several tales and characters in Greek myth that can be paired with books and people from Christianity. First instance is the old Greek god Prometheus; he was the god whom gave us fire and the knowledge needed to allow mankind to grow and survive.When he did this he was then captured by Zeus and persecuted. His punishment was to be nailed to a rock and every day he'd have a giant eagle eat his liver and regenerate at the setting of each ay to do it again. Prometheus sacrificed himself for the well being of mankind. In a way, this character sound much like Jesus in modern day religion. Jesus was nailed to a cross as a sacrifice for the salvation of mankind. Prometheus is n ot the only one in Greek mythology that can be represented as Jesus, the later added Olympian wine god Dionysus shares some resemblance.Dionysus and Jesus are both the ones who game mankind the gift of wine and encourage a blissful lifestyle. The also both share the archetype of rebirth after death. Dionysus traveled to the underworld to search for his mother homo he never met and didn't know anything about. He wanted to bring her to Olympus since he was now considered a Olympian god. Dionysus went to the underworld to save a person he didn't know. Much like how Jesus went to hell after taking on the sins of all the humans on the earth.Then in a sense both Dionysus and Jesus rose up and were reborn from the place of the lowest level of existence. Almost all have heard the Flood story when Noah built a large boat to save himself, his family, and a pair Of all the animals in the world. Well in Greek mythology, there is also a flood story These religions also share the idea of giants a nd monsters once ruling the earth. In the Greek creation stories there were Cyclopes, Hysterectomies (hundred handlers) and the Titans. In Christianity there is a similar story with giants and large monsters that fight over the power of the world.Not many know of this book from Christian religious text because it was forbidden from the bible: the Book of Enoch. These giants in the bible were called Oenophile; they were half angel, half human, their fathers were renegade angels who fought god in order to help humanity, but in reality only lusted for human women. These beings that sprawled on every corner of the earth. Their appearance was similar to that in the Greek creation story as being these grotesque deformed creatures with great power.In the Book of Enoch, it states that God sent the Flood to dispose of these enormous beings that rivaled in power of god himself, much like how Zeus rivaled his father Crocus or how Crocus rivaled his father Chaos. Not only in common religion is there reminiscence of classical mythologies, they are also advertised, Worn, used, and distributed all over the globe. Almost everyone has used or at least seen an atlas, which was named from he titan that was forced to forever hold the world on his shoulders.Many people have also worn Mike products, the creators named there brand after the Greek god of victory. Then there is the Honda Odyssey and the Volkswagen Goes, named after the ten year long story of Odysseus and the Goddess of Dawn. Our culture even has sayings and terms like the Achilles Heel and having the Midas touch which are famous characters from Greek mythology. There are many more allusions and connections with Greek mythology to our culture. As was shone, Greek mythologies are alive and still a heavy influence on our ultra.Greek terms and names are thrown around everyday even if the meaning is not well known, many have the grand idea without the story behind it. So some people with this knowledge would argue with the belief that mythology is dying out They also are the people who may see the relations between classical mythology and currently worshiped religion. I use to say that mythology is nothing but a forgotten religion, but now I see that its really not all that forgotten. Which is why agree with professor Joseph Campbell when he said that â€Å"Myth is much more important and true than history.

Diversity and Tension in Collectives and the Opportunities for Essay

Diversity and Tension in Collectives and the Opportunities for Solutions that can Strengthen a Brand Community - Essay Example A brand community will include consciousness of kind in which connections within the community define them in contrast to those outside of the community, rituals and traditions which will support the history, culture, and consciousness of the community, and a sense of duty or obligation in which both the needs of the community and the needs of the individual are integrated (Cova, Kozinets, & Shankar, 2007). In understanding the differences and tensions within a collective, a business can find ways to create integrated solutions that will expand the experience of a consumer as they are making their choices so that individual needs are fulfilled, as well as collective goals. Package Solutions In the search for ways in which to connect to consumers, often times it is best to approach the needs through provisions of solutions that can create many outcomes. This concept, as suggested by Epp and Price (2011) develops an experience through mass product and service production for the individ ual that can be integrated to fit a group of needs. Each need is addressed in order to make the whole experience satisfactory. As an example, Epp and Price (2011) quote from Sawhney (2006) for the way in which Kodak has approached the changing market and the needs of their customers. Instead of focusing on just providing digital camera solutions, they have approached a spectrum of needs through image software, photo printing at home, and the need to utilize the photographs for keeping memories. Through the concept of collectivity, the goods and services that a company provides being diverse enough that a customer can examine what they want from their product and put together a package of items that is unique and suits all of their needs. Epp and Price (2011) suggest that a company should â€Å"account not only for individual goals but also for relational and collective goals† (p. 36). In order to do this, integration is the format that will give a great deal of success for a company. Epp and Price (2011) state that â€Å" The term ‘integration’ refers to the processes of bringing together potentially diverse products and services in a way that creates value† (p. 36). In other words, in order to serve customers, Kodak would not seek out a way to combine their digital cameras with a good frozen fish product. The purpose of integration is to take related concepts and put them together so that a personalized ‘package’ can be created. Integration is the key to providing value to a customer in promoting new products from the point of associations that have been made to a brand. In creating the ‘package’ of products for a consumer, brand loyalty often follows, assuring that the consumer uses the products that fit together in a meaningful way that adds value to their experience. This type of affective commitment serves the interests of a firm in that the consumer will not feel satisfaction when a substitute product is used, bringing them back towards the brand where they have placed loyalty. The connection that is made between the emotional and the cognitive process when making choices towards a ’package’ of goods and services

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - Essay Example The overall purpose of the project is to provide the medical, psychological as well as emotional support to the teens and youngsters who may be using drugs. The overall rehabilitation as well as their revival is one of the key purposes of the organization however, the focus is also assisting these teens to develop leadership qualities. Team building as well as organizational skills is also taught to these teens in order to help them to live a life which is organized and based upon mutual help of each other. The organization therefore is a non-profit organization with focus upon ensuring that the teens and youth are provided a new opportunity to live a better and more constructive life at the individual as well as community level. Target Population Though apparently the overall target population of the teens facing drug related issues what is however important to note that parents and guardians of the teens are targeted too. Since rehabilitating the teens is a holistic approach theref ore healthcare service providers therefore not only target the patients themselves but the parents of these children also. This approach is taken in order to ensure that the parent play a better and more constructive role in the recovery and rehabilitation of their children. It is also important to understand that healthcare service provider professionals work on the basis of developing co-leaders and presenting leaders in every situation. This sort of approach therefore helps the organizations to actually better target their population and become more organized in ensuring their proper response to their target population. (Kerfoot, 2004) The Benefits of the Program Apparently, the overall benefit of the program is to produce healthy and constructive citizens who can be better individuals. However, on the whole, program intends to develop a community which is based upon mutual respect and help for each other. In order to accomplish this task, this program therefore is aimed at utili zing and developing the leadership skills of the healthcare service provides including nurses to manage different situations on their own. This therefore allows the healthcare service providers to become more independent in carrying out their responsibilities and become more accountable and responsible for what they treat and deal with at healthcare services providing facilities. The Cost & Budget Justifications The overall cost of rehabilitating the teens and the youth is more than $5 million dollars per annum. This cost includes both the cost of medicines and other support directly required by the individuals in the overall process of rehabilitating them. It also include the support cost such as admin and other running expenses required to accomplish the task of providing overall support to the patients. Such high cost has also been due to the fact that it is becoming difficult to actually hire and retain quality nurses. The overall focus therefore is to build effective teams and co-leaders who can shine in every situation. In order to accomplish this task, more is being spent on training and development of the nurses to improve their overall capability to handle difficult cases in limited time and budget. The Basis of Evaluation One of the basic

Alchol and its effects on health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alchol and its effects on health - Essay Example Binge drinking has become rampant in many parts of the world including Europe (Picture-1). According to a study by Anderson & Baumberg (2006), 55 million adults are estimated to drink at harmful levels in the Europe. Harmful consumption of alcohol means more than 40g of alcohol i.e. 4 drinks a day for men and over 20g i.e. 2 drinks a day by women (Anderson & Baumberg, 2006). To understand the effects of alcohol on the health of humans, it is important to first understand the metabolism of alcohol. The cell membranes of human body are highly permeable to alcohol. Once alcohol is absorbed from the stomach, it reaches every tissue in the body. It is mainly metabolized in the liver. The mode of metabolism is oxidation. The first step in the oxidation is conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and this is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. During this process, NADH (NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is released. The acetaldehyde is further oxidized to acetic acid which then enters the citric acid cycle and metabolized to carbondioxide and water. NADH is used up in the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid, in the synthesis of lipids and in the electron transport chain (Paton, 2005). Most of the damage to cells caused by ethanol is due to acetaldehyde and NADH. Acetaldehyde causes damage due to immune response and increased NADH causes altered NADH/N AD ratio leading to increased oxygen consumption and hypermetabolic state (Tome & Lucey, 2004). The effects of alcohol change over time. This is known as biphasic effect. The side effects depend on the level of intoxication which is again dependent on many other factors like the amount and circumstances of consumption, whether taken before or after meals and also the hydration status of the body. Consumption of alcohol after a heavy meal does not produce much intoxication while consuming on empty stomach leads to increased side

Topical Research - How the cost of healthcare relates to the quality Essay

Topical Research - How the cost of healthcare relates to the quality of care inmates receive - Essay Example In the paper, the problem within this research article is restated in line with a wider understanding of the topic. Additional data is gathered and analyzed within the paper as pertaining to the research problem within the aforementioned article. The additional data is used to present additional insights to the problem and make conclusive recommendations for solving the identified problems. In their article, Berman & Fox (2009) demonstrate that there is an urgent need for new and innovative thinking within the criminal justice system. This is attributed to the evident mistakes within the criminal justice system, which have caused negative implications in the efficiency and effectiveness of pursuing justice. On the basis of these mistakes, Berman & Fox (2009) conducted a study by examining past trials and efforts for reform within the criminal justice system. The researchers targeted at solving the identified problem within the initiatives of the Bureau of Justice Assistance in the US’s Department of Justice. The main goal of the researchers was to initiate and motivate honest and open dialogue on the challenges which face the criminal justice system, and the most effective solutions to these challenges. The researchers targeted future innovations within the criminal justice system by demonstrating how they would avoid the mistakes that are made in the processes of pursuing justice. In solving the research problem, the researchers use the lessons they learned from the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) as a significant crime prevention program within the USA. The mistakes in the procedures and processes of the criminal justice system are the main problems in the study, which are viewed through the D.A.R.E program lens. In their research report, Berman & Fox (2009) demonstrate that the D.A.R.E program was reported to have contributed to a small increase in the rate of drug use among teens within

Sociology - Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology - Social Psychology - Essay Example 1) The basic criticism against functionalism is that there is no place for change in the society and it views it as static. This is not true in the real world where changes are occurring rapidly. Similarly, it does not attempt to explain the causes of certain effects in the society and hence it is of little use where causes identification is necessary. The strength of this theory is that it focuses on unity and it is indeed very necessary for proper functioning of the society. It also talks about cohesion which is fundamental of any society.. 4) The strengths of this theory are that it explains that functioning of the society is a two-way process and is based on social interaction. Since it is based on social interaction, the society works in cohesion and unity. The weakness of this theory is that it ignores macro-level issues focusing only on small things. It also believes that institution exerts pressure on individual's interaction. 5) A theory that states that certain characteristics are attributed or labeled as positive or negative to acts, people or traditions, by people in authority in the society. If education is labeled as something positive then people will try to acquire education so that they are not viewed as deviant. This will result in better jobs and living standard for a person and society will be better off. References: Horton, Paul and Hunt, Chester. (1980). Sociology. McGraw-Hill

Victim’s responsibility Essay Example for Free

Victim’s responsibility Essay According to Karmen (2007), the question of â€Å"victim’s responsibility† can be reduced to six, listed from least to most guilty. The first is 100% guilt free victim, a victim that might be the victim of a random crime. After this, there is victim proneness, the specific kind of victim I have chosen for the first example used. Proneness is actually the adaption of a risky lifestyle that leaves one open to criminal mischief without actually precipitating it in any way. The next stage if victim facilitation, where certain ingredients for a crime are left in the vision of the criminal, such as wearing gold rings in a crime-ridden part of town. Then there is victim precipitation, where the victim has goaded the criminal in some way, leading to a crime. After this is the worst, victim provocation, where the victim has attacked or otherwise abused the criminal to such an extent that the criminal becomes such involuntarily. Lastly, the 100% guilty victim, the victim creating a crime for various motives, getting attention, etc. For this project I have chosen two murder cases: the first, the murder of Lana Clarkson by famed music producer Phil Spector in 2003, and the more recent murder of Meredith Kirchner by Amanda Cox (et al) in 2007. Given the evidence of the two cases thus far it is likely that both perpetrators are guilty. Cox has confessed to the murder of Kirchner, and, while the jury is still out on the Spector case, it does not look good. This essay will, for the sake of the course, assume that both Cox and Spector are guilty. The first case happened in February of 2003. The victim, a long time actress in secondary roles, was working part time in a local, trendy nightclub in Los Angeles. She met Phil Spector, and, only after a few hours, was in his mansion, where she was murdered. Spector says that she killed herself and was complaining of being â€Å"down† (Guardian, 2003). But the question of victimology is given in a (2003) op-ed piece by Wesley Strick, who chides the victim for getting into a limo with a stranger, or, barring that, that Mr. Spector was no strange, and had a reputation for violence and bizarre behavior (Strick, 2003). Hence, this case seems to flirt between victim proneness and Mr. Strick’s clear statement of victim felicitation. While it is true that working as an attractive hostess in a trendy bar is itself risky, the fact that she would have no qualms about getting into Spector’s limo with only a brief amount of time together may well bleed into victim felicitation. The second case I chose was the more recent murder of British college student in Italy, Meredith Kerchner. As of this writing, Amanda Cox, one of her murderers, has been convicted in Italy after a confession (Owen, 2007a). But Owen (2007b) holds that there was a certain level of victim felicitation. The reports of this case show that Miss Cox was mentally unstable, and that some of her roommates were very interested in vampirism and violent images (comics, etc). The reports on this case all suggest that violent sex games were planned Holoween night, and that Miss herchner was killed for refusing to play them. But it also is clear that the victim knew of these propensities, though not of their extent (Owen, 2007a) It seems that staying in this company goes a bit beyond victim proneness (thought this can be argued) and their Halloween antics might show a greater tilt towards victim felicitation, similar to the above case. Regardless, in both cases, the minimum one can claim is that both victims were prone to crime and were living risky lifestyles. At the same time, the decision to get into the car with Spector is parallel with the decision to stay with roommates and friends who had already shown some inclination to bizarre behavior. Hence, one can hold that both victims facilitated the crimes they became the victims of. At the same time, neither of the two victims mentioned above can be convicted of any of the more extreme forms of victim guilt, that of precipitation or provocation, at least with the evidence so far uncovered. If, for example, Miss Kerchner was involved in the sex games, and then withdrew, then one could make the claim that she was precipitating the crime. References: For the Lana Clarkson case: na (2003, 4 February). B-Movie Actress Named as Shooting Victim. Guardian.Strick, Leslie (2007, 18 April) Lana Clarkson’s Fade to Black. Los Angeles Times For the Meredith Kerchner case: Owen, Richard. (2007a, 7 November) Meredith Kerchner Killed After Refusing Orgy. The Times Online (http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2821154. ece) . (2007b, 9 November) Meredith Killed for Refusing Violent Sex. Times Online. (http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2841412. ece) For the victims typology: Karmen, A (2007) Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology. Thompson-Wadsworth.